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Dura-Europos
Dura-Europos ((ギリシア語:Δοῦρα Εὐρωπός)), also spelled Dura-Europus, was a Hellenistic, Parthian and Roman border city built on an escarpment 90 m above the right bank of the Euphrates river. It is located near the village of Salhiyé, in today's Syria. It was conquered in 114 AD and finally captured in 165 AD by the Romans (who greatly enlarged it as their easternmost stronghold in Mesopotamia) and destroyed after a Sassanian siege in 257 AD. After it was abandoned, it was covered by sand and mud and disappeared from sight.
Dura-Europos is extremely important for archaeological reasons. As it was abandoned after its conquest in 256–7 AD, nothing was built over it and no later building programs obscured the architectonic features of the ancient city. Its location on the edge of empires made for a co-mingling of cultural traditions, much of which was preserved under the city's ruins. Some remarkable finds have been brought to light, including numerous temples, wall decorations, inscriptions, military equipment, tombs, and even dramatic evidence of the Sassanian siege during the Imperial Roman period which led to the site's abandonment. After being severely looted by the Islamic State in the ongoing Syrian Civil War, it was demolished by ISIS.〔(Loot, sell, bulldoze: Isis grinds history to dust )〕
==Hellenistic Era==
It was founded in 303 BC with the name ''Dura'' by the Seleucids on the intersection of an east-west trade route and the trade route along the Euphrates.〔(History of Dura Europos )〕 The new city controlled the river crossing on the route between his newly founded cities of Antioch and Seleucia on the Tigris. Its rebuilding as a great city built after the Hippodamian model, with rectangular blocks defined by cross-streets ranged round a large central agora, was formally laid out in the 2nd century BC. The traditional view of Dura-Europos as a great caravan city is becoming nuanced by the discoveries of locally made manufactures and traces of close ties with Palmyra (James).
During the later 2nd century BC it came under Parthian control〔F. Millar, "Dura-Europos under Parthian rule," in ''Das Partherreich und sein Zeugnisse/The Arsacid Empire: Sources and Documentation'', J. Weisehöfer, ed. (Stuttgart) 1998〕 and in the 1st century BC, it served as a frontier fortress of the Arsacid Parthian Empire, with a multicultural population, as inscriptions in Greek, Latin, Aramaic, Hebrew, Syriac, Hatrian, Palmyrene, Middle Persian and Safaitic Pahlavi testify.〔F. Millar, ''The Roman Near east, 31 BC-AD337'' (Harvard University Press) 1993, pp 445-52, 467-72.〕
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